The current situation with Ethereum Blockchain, as of September 14, 2023, revolves around a critical issue related to its network’s validator set size. The network is now grappling with concerns regarding the sustainability of its validator set, which currently boasts a staggering 795,135 active validators. In response to these concerns, Ethereum’s protocol developers are embarking on a pivotal journey with the forthcoming Cancun/Deneb upgrade.
A significant revelation comes in the form of a tweet by the Chinese reporter Colin Wu’s offcial page, Wu Blockchain, shedding light on Ethereum Improvement Proposal 7514 (EIP-7514). This proposal holds the key to slowing the expansion of ETH staking, allowing time for the development of a more robust validator reward system.
EIP-7514 has been included in the Ethereum Dencun upgrade to slow down the growth of the ETH staking rate, gain time for designing a better validator reward scheme, and set the validator activation queue upper limit Max Epoch Churn Limit to 8. Previously, this variable was…
— Wu Blockchain (@WuBlockchain) September 15, 2023
Specifically, EIP-7514 introduces a cap on validator activations, limiting new entries to a maximum of eight per epoch, roughly equivalent to 6.4 minutes. Importantly, this cap will not tamper with the churn limit governing validator exits, which will continue to adjust dynamically in harmony with the growth of the validator set.
The motivation behind this cap is to offer a short-term solution to the burgeoning validator set size while providing developers the room to explore long-term strategies. These strategies, in the pipeline, hold the potential to reshape Ethereum’s monetary policies, potentially ushering in a new era of staking within the ecosystem.
Ethereum’s rapid expansion in the validator set has sparked two pressing concerns. Firstly, it places immense strain on the peer-to-peer networking infrastructure, heightening the risk of node failures due to escalating computational demands and bandwidth requirements. Secondly, the growing validator set accrues technical debt that could cast a shadow over future upgrades, particularly in achieving single-slot finality. It’s noteworthy that Ethereum stands apart from some other proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains, as it does not support native stake delegation.
This distinction means ETH holders must either run their validators or entrust their stakes to third-party entities.Validators and node operators are separate entities, and it is discouraged to run multiple validators on a single node due to the risk of associated slashing penalties.
Ethereum’s PoS consensus mechanism orchestrates a delicate dance between the LMD GHOST and Casper FFG models, aiming to strike an equilibrium between chain liveness and finality. However, the intricacies of this approach come with their own set of challenges. To grapple with these complexities, Ethereum researchers have proposed the Serenity Super Fork (SSF).
This solution empowers the network to pivot between consensus models based on validator participation, with a focus on immediate chain finality when there’s substantial validator engagement. However, this shift has the potential to impose limits on the number of validators the network can effectively support, potentially leading to delays in transaction execution.
In the forthcoming months, Ethereum’s development community faces a momentous task – charting the most suitable course forward. Their decisions will wield significant influence over the network’s scalability, security, and long-term viability. The Cancun/Deneb upgrade symbolizes a milestone in Ethereum’s journey, as it confronts the challenges posed by its rapidly expanding validator set, signaling an era marked by innovation and adaptability.
